XPS study of porous dental implants fabricated by electro-discharge-sintering of spherical Ti–6Al–4V powders in a vacuum atmosphere

A single electro-discharge-sintering (EDS) pulse (0.7–2.0 kJ/0.7 g), from a 300 mF capacitor, was applied to atomized spherical Ti–6Al–4V powder in a vacuum to produce a porous-surfaced implant compact. A solid core surrounded by a porous layer was formed by a discharge in the middle of the compact. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the surface characteristics of the implant material. C, O, and Ti were the main constituents, with smaller amounts of Al, V, and N. The implant surface was lightly oxidized and was primarily in the form of TiO2 with a small amount of metallic Ti. A lightly etched EDS implant sample showed the surface form of metallic Ti, indicating that EDS breaks down the oxide film of the as-received Ti–6Al–4V powder during the discharge process. The EDS Ti–6Al–4V implant surface also contained small amounts of aluminum oxide in addition to TiO2. However, V detected in the EDS Ti–6Al–4V implant surface did not contribute to the formation of the oxide film. The small amount of N in the implant surface resulted from nitride material that was also found in the as-received Ti–6Al–4V powders.