Growth and Auger electron spectroscopy characterization of donut-shaped ZnO nanostructures

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanodonuts have been obtained by vapor phase transport process utilizing a mixture of ZnO, graphite and erbium oxide powder as the evaporation source. ZnO nanodonuts prepared under various thermal processes indicate that ZnO nanodonuts start forming during the initial thermal ramp up stage. A subsequent holding of the growth temperature at 1000 8C causes the nanodonut to evolve into perfectly donutshaped nanostructure. Additional deposition of ZnO on top of the nanodonut during the holding of the furnace temperature at 1000 8C result in partially filled nanodonuts or hemispherical nanostructures, or donuts that are completely buried beneath ZnO film. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profile analysis indicates that the deposited ZnO film is stoichiometric, whereas the nanodonuts and the completely filled hemispherical nanostructures are porous and are oxygen deficient. The volume density of the nanodonut is estimated to be 20% that of the background ZnO film.