Effect of incorporating nonlanthanoidal indium on optical properties of ferroelectric Bi4Ti3O12 thin films

Bi4Ti3O12 (BTO) and Bi3.25In0.75Ti3O12 (BTO:In) thin films were prepared on fused quartz and LaNiO3/Si (LNO) substrates by chemical solution deposition (CSD). Their microstructures, ferroelectric and optical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, ferroelectric tester and UV–visible–NIR spectrophotometer, respectively. The optical band-gaps of the films were found to be 3.64 and 3.45 eV for the BTO and BTO:In films, respectively. Optical constants (refractive indexes and extinction coefficients) were determined from the optical transmittance spectra using the envelope method. Following the single electronic oscillator model, the single oscillator energy E0, the dispersion energy Ed, the average interband oscillator wavelength l0, the average oscillator strength S0, the refractive index dispersion parameter (E0/S0), the chemical bonding quantity b, and the long wavelength refractive index n1 were obtained and analyzed. Both the refractive index and extinction coefficient of the BTO:In films are smaller than those of the BTO films. Furthermore, the refractive index dispersion parameter (E0/S0) increases and the chemical bonding quantity b decreases in the BTO and BTO:In films compared with those of bulk