Primary and secondary effects of PI

This paper is a conceptual replication of Leeser and DeMil (in press) and examines the effectiveness of Processing Instruction, Traditional Instruction, and no instruction for primary and secondary effects with a primary target form (Spanish accusative clitics) and a secondary form (Spanish dative clitics) (N = 134). Leeser and DeMil (in press) failed to find gains in production similar to previous research. The present study differs in design from the original study in terms of the production measures (type and number of opportunities for production) and more closely resemble those used in previous secondary effects research. In part, the findings show that significant gains for PI were found for primary and secondary form interpretation, whereas the gains for TI were less robust. As such, we discuss the theoretical and methodological ramifications of these findings.