Mixed convection heat transfer in horizontal rectangular ducts with radiation effects

The study of mixed convection heat transfer in horizontal ducts with radiation effects has been numerically examined in detail. This work is primarily focused on the interaction of the thermal radiation with mixed convection for a gray fluid in rectangular horizontal ducts. The vorticity–velocity method is employed to solve the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations and energy equation simultaneously. The integro-differential radiative transfer equation was solved by the discrete ordinates method. The attention of the results is focused on the effects of thermal buoyancy and radiative transfer on the development of temperature, the friction factor and the Nusselt number. Results reveal that radiation effects have a considerable impact on the heat transfer and would reduce the thermal buoyancy effects. Besides, the development of temperature is accelerated by the radiation effects.