A global river ice classification model

This paper presents a global conceptual river ice model that can be used as a primary tool to predict ice cover types and to identify ice processes potentially affecting cold region channels. Six ice cover types (ice shells, suspended ice cover, surface floating ice cover, surface confined ice cover, solid ice, and no ice) and five ice processes (active frazil ice and anchor ice, hanging dams, ice dams, aufeis, and ice jams) are considered. The model uses input parameters that can be determined visually (channel profile and patterns) and by accessing readily available historical meteorological data (winter intensity) or climate maps. The potential impacts of specific ice cover types and processes on hydraulics, hydrology, and infrastructure are presented. The model provides valuable information to engineers and scientists working on most channel types and sizes. This information is normally required prior to using detailed in-stream (1D or 2D) cryologic–hydraulic models.