The α-effect in cyclic secondary amines: new scaffolds for iminium ion accelerated transformations

Five-membered secondary amine heterocycles containing an α-heteroatom were prepared and shown to be ineffective as catalysts for the iminium ion catalysed Diels–Alder reaction between cinnamaldehyde and cyclopentadiene. Their six-membered counterparts proved to be highly active catalysts. In stark contrast, the catalytic activity observed when comparing the non α-heteroatom cyclic amines proline methyl ester and methyl pipecolinate showed the five-membered ring amine was significantly more active. Concurrent density functional theoretical calculations suggest a rationale for the observed trends in reactivity, highlighting that LUMO activation through an iminium ion intermediate plays a key role in catalytic activity.