Hydrochemical analysis of salinization for a tannery belt in Southern India

This paper deals with hydrochemical analysis of groundwater salinization due to untreated effluents from 80 functioning tanneries forming a tannery belt in Southern India. A total of 29 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. Results show that total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl−), and sodium (Na+) significantly deteriorated groundwater quality. Concentrations of analyzed hydrochemical constituents were wide ranging, suggesting that hydrochemistry was controlled by several intermixing processes, such as saline water mixing, anthropogenic contamination, and water–rock interaction. Therefore, cumulative probability distributions of selected groundwater were analyzed and accordingly, waters were classified into three types, i.e., (1) type-I waters (28%): water–rock interaction; (2) type-II waters (17%): saline water mixing; and (3) type-III waters (55%): significant anthropogenic pollution. An index, called ‘saline water mixing index’ (SWMI), was also developed based on the concentration of Na+, Mg2+, Cl−, and image originating from the untreated tannery effluents and entering into groundwater for evaluating the relative degree of salinization. Most waters affected by the effluents had SWMI values >2.5 and 1.0 based on the 1st and 2nd threshold values, respectively. Further, correlation matrix of different chemical constituents with TDS showed that a correlation coefficient of 0.99 was observed between TDS and Cl−, Na+, and Mg2+; and 0.98, 0.97, 0.85, and 0.83, between TDS and, respectively, image, Ca2+, K+, and image. It was found that the quality of groundwater around the tannery cluster deteriorated mainly due to the extensive use of salts.