Correcting for systematic error in satellite-derived latent heat flux due to assumptions in temporal scaling: Assessment from flux tower observations

Practical methods to scale ‘instantaneous’ latent heat flux (λE) estimates from thermal remote sensing to values for daily or longer periods normally rely on the assumption that the evaporative fraction (EF) – the ratio of λE over available energy – remains constant during daytime. However, this self-preservation of the EF is only one of three major surface energy balance interactions that might introduce bias. The other two are differences between use of 24-h versus daytime-only available energy and latent heat flux. We used observations from two Australian long-term flux tower sites to assess the magnitude and interaction of the three factors. The difference between 24-h and daytime-only available energy caused the most error at the temperate forest site (median error: −18%) whereas the lack of self preservation of the EF caused the most error at the tropical savanna site (median error: −14%). The difference between 24-h and daytime-only latent heat flux caused the least error at both sites (median error: −3%). The three factors tended to accumulate rather than compensate and were time of day dependant; combined errors of −24% to −38% were found when scaling instantaneous λE values for mid-morning, reducing to −6% to −21% for mid-afternoon values. A generic correction method reduced bias in daily λE estimates from −1.86 MJ m−2 to −0.02 MJ m−2 at the temperate forest site and from −0.99 MJ m−2 to −0.19 MJ m−2 at the tropical savanna site. This study showed that all three surface energy balance factors should be considered when implementing the EF method and suggested that most improvement in accuracy might be attained by better modelling of available energy.