Cooperative adhesion of ligand–receptor bonds Original Research Article

Cooperative (simultaneous) breakage of multiple adhesive bonds has been proposed as a mechanism for enhanced binding strength between adhesion molecules on apposing cell surfaces. In this report, we used the atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study how changes in binding affinity and separation rate of force-induced ligand–receptor dissociation affect binding cooperativity. The AFM force measurements were carried out using (strept)avidin-functionalized cantilever tips and biotinylated agarose beads under conditions where multiple (strept)avidin–biotin linkages were formed following surface contact. At slow surface separation of the AFM cantilever from the beadʹs surface, the (strept)avidin–biotin linkages appeared to rupture sequentially. Increasing the separation rate from 210 to 1950 nm/s led to a linear increase in the average rupture force. Moreover, force histograms revealed a quantized force distribution that shifted toward higher values with increasing separation rate. In measurements of streptavidin–iminobiotin adhesion, the force distribution also shifted toward higher values when the buffer was adjusted to a higher pH to raise the binding affinity. Together, these results demonstrate that the cooperativity of ligand–receptor bonds is significantly enhanced by increases in surface separation rate and/or binding affinity.