Development of a global MHD simulation model for the S-M-I coupling process in the substorm prediction program at CRL Original Research Article

A global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model for the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere (S-M-I) coupling process is developed as an essential tool of space weather prediction. Some examples of model outputs are shown to evaluate the model capability. The result for northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) input clearly shows the formation of lobe and merging cells. The transient solution after the southward turning of the IMF shows a new interpretation for the growth phase of the substorm.