The atmospheric radiation response to solar-particle-events Original Research Article

High-energy solar particles, produced in association with solar flares and coronal mass ejections, occasionally bombard the earthʹs atmosphere,. resulting in radiation intensities additional to the background cosmic radiation. Access of these particles to the earthʹs vicinity during times of geomagnetic disturbances are not adequately described by using static geomagnetic field models. These solar fluxes are also often distributed non uniformly in space, so that fluxes measured by satellites obtained at great distances from the earth and which sample large volumes of space around the earth cannot be used to predict fluxes locally at the earthʹs surface. We present here a method which uses the ground-level neutron monitor counting rates as adjoint sources of the flux in the atmosphere immediately above them to obtain solar-particle effective dose rates as a function of position over the earthʹs surface. We have applied this approach to the large September 29–30, 1989 ground-level event (designated GLE 42) to obtain the magnitude and distribution of the solar-particle effective dose rate from an atypically large event. The results of these calculations clearly show the effect of the softer particle spectra associated with solar particle events, as compared with galactic cosmic rays, results in a greater sensitivity to the geomagnetic field, and, unlike cosmic rays, the near-absence of a “knee” near 60° geomagnetic latitude.