A statistical study of the mid-latitude NmF2 winter anomaly Original Research Article

Hourly values of the F2-layer peak density, NmF2, measured by 62 ionosonde stations from 1957 to 2008 at middle geomagnetic latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres are used in a statistical study of the F2-region winter anomaly. We analyze a maximum value, R, of the winter/summer geomagnetically quiet daytime NmF2 ratio over each ionosonde for approximately the same winter and summer solar activity conditions. The conditional probability of an occurrence of R in an interval of R, the most frequent value of R, the mean expected value of R, and the conditional probability to observe the F2-region winter anomaly are calculated and studied for low, moderate, and high solar activity conditions. It is found that northern hemisphere stations show significant cross-correlations of winter anomaly statistics with geomagnetic latitude for moderate and high solar activities.