A multiwavelength study of eruptive events on January 23, 2012 associated with a major solar energetic particle event Original Research Article

We use multiwavelength data from space and ground based instruments to study the solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on January 23, 2012 that were responsible for one of the largest solar energetic particle (SEP) events of solar cycle 24. The eruptions consisting of two fast CMEs (≈1400 km s−1 and ≈2000 km s−1) and M-class flares that occurred in active region 11402 located at ≈N28 W36. The two CMEs occurred in quick successions, so they interacted very close to the Sun. The second CME caught up with the first one at a distance of ≈11-12 image. The CME interaction may be responsible for the elevated SEP flux and significant changes in the intensity profile of the SEP event. The compound CME resulted in a double-dip moderate geomagnetic storm (image). The two dips are due to the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field in the shock sheath and the ICME intervals. One possible reason for the lack of a stronger geomagnetic storm may be that the ICME delivered a glancing blow to Earth.