Microstructure and mechanical behavior of a Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn alloy processed by warm swaging and warm rolling Original Research Article

A combination processing technique of warm swaging and warm rolling is proposed to refine grains and improve the mechanical properties of a multifunctional β-type Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn (wt.%) alloy. The results show that a highly swirled marble-like microstructure can be easily produced by warm swaging at an initial temperature of 573 K, whereas it has little effect on the nonlinear elastic deformation compared with the hot forged alloy with an equiaxed microstructure. Although the swirled microstructure has the limitation of an inhomogeneous distribution, swaging has the great advantage of refining the initial subgrains produced by hot forging with little loss of ductility. The following warm rolling at an initial temperature of 673 K results in a uniform microstructure comprising β phase with a size less than ∼200 nm and the precipitation of nanosized α phase. Therefore, significant grain refinement was achieved through the formation and refinement of the subgrains. The ultrafine grained alloy exhibits large scale nonlinear deformation behavior with a recoverable strain of up to ∼3.4% in combination with a high strength of ∼1150 MPa, a low elastic modulus of ∼56 GPa and good ductility of ∼8%. Such an improvement in mechanical properties indicate great potential for biomedical applications.