Promoting effect of zinc on the vapor-phase hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde over copper-based catalysts Original Research Article

The promoting effect of zinc for the vapor-phase hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde was studied on impregnated Cu/SiO2 and Cu–ZnO/SiO2, and on coprecipitated Cu–Al2O3 and Cux–ZnyO2y–ZnAl2O4 catalysts. The reaction was carried out in a tubular reactor at 120 °C and atmospheric pressure. Samples were characterized by temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction, transmission electronic microscopy, diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cu/SiO2 and Cu–Al2O3 catalysts reduced in hydrogen either at 300 or 500 °C hydrogenated preferentially the Cdouble bond; length as m-dashC bond of crotonaldehyde and gave more than 90% of selectivity to butyraldehyde. In contrast, the initial butyraldehyde selectivity on Cu–ZnO/SiO2 reduced at 500 °C was only about 55%, essentially because the selectivity to crotyl alcohol significantly increased on this zinc-containing sample as compared to Cu/SiO2. This selectivity enhancement for hydrogenating the Cdouble bond; length as m-dashO bond on Cu–ZnO/SiO2 reduced at 500 °C was explained by considering that the high-temperature hydrogen treatment forms mobile ZnOx reduced species that strongly interact with Cu0 crystallites. The resulting Cu0–ZnOx species preferentially catalyze the crotyl alcohol formation from crotonaldehyde via a dual-site reaction pathway. A similar explanation was proposed to interpret the observed enhancement of the Cdouble bond; length as m-dashO hydrogenation rate on ternary Cu–Zn–Al catalysts reduced at 500 °C as compared to Cu–Al2O3. Nevertheless, the Cu0–ZnOx species were unstable on stream and the selectivity to crotyl alcohol continuously decreased with reaction time on zinc-containing samples reduced at high temperatures.