Skeletal isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids on Beta zeolites: Effects of calcination temperature and additives Original Research Article

A commercial Beta-type zeolite was studied for upgrading unsaturated fatty acids, a renewable feedstock. Catalyst calcination and additive addition were investigated aiming to improve the catalytic activity for the skeletal isomerization of oleic acid. Calcination at a temperature around 450 °C instead of the commonly used 550 °C generated catalysts with relatively low surface areas but high activities, which is attributed to the high Brønsted acidity as revealed by FTIR characterization. Addition of a small amount of water (2–5 wt% of fatty acid) to the fatty acid promoted the conversion, but any further increase in the amount of water would result in a catalytic activity loss. Although methanol did not show a promoting effect for the isomerization, the methyl ester of oleic acid showed a higher conversion than oleic acid on the same catalyst. The poisoning effect of the carboxylic group on oleic acid was demonstrated by the comparison of the isomerization reactions of oleic acid and 1-octadecene.