Applications of laccases and tyrosinases (phenoloxidases) immobilized on different supports: a review

This review summarizes all the research efforts that have been spent to immobilize laccase and tyrosinase for various applications, including synthetic and analytical purposes, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and must and wine stabilization. All immobilization procedures used in these areas are discussed. Considerations on the efficacy of immobilized copper oxidases and products, in addition to their kinetic parameters are also discussed. The available data indicate that the immobilization of laccase into cationic polymer cross-linked with epichlorohydrin appears to be a promising procedure for industrial applications. The development of laccase and tyrosinase-based biosensors to monitor a wide range of compounds appears to be at a mature stage of technology.