Improving workability in ironing

The paper describes the possibilities of improving workability in ironing by using a superimposed force on the cup edge. Equations for stresses and forces in ironing with superimposed force were derived on the basis of the elementary theory of plasticity. The increase in workability is shown in the workability diagram. The finite element method (FEM) served as the basis for simulating the production of cups with non-uniform wall thickness. Two theoretical models were verified by experiments.