Augmented upper bound element technique for prediction of temperature and strain in forgings

The upper bound element technique coupled with an energy formulation is used to predict the effective strain evolution and temperature distribution during axisymmetric forging. The material derivative is used to predict strain and temperature evolution of multiple particles in the flow. A new approach to elemental effective strain strain-rate calculation is presented. The augmented UBET method is applied to a case of simultaneous corner and flash fill by a strain-rate hardening material. The formulation provides a high level of spatial resolution. Results agree well with finite element-based predictions and tend to overpredict temperature and strain in locations of large energy addition.