Physiological and Biochemical Tools Useful in Drought-Tolerance Detection in Genotypes of Winter Triticale: Accumulation of Ferulic Acid Correlates with Drought Tolerance

Background and Aims: The objectives of this study were to investigate whether a classification of triticale genotypes into droughttolerant and drought-sensitive types based on field performance trials correlates with a classification based on measurements of some physiological and biochemical parameters in greenhouse conditions. In addition, an examination was carried out of whether ferulic acid, as the main origin of the blue fluorescence produced, contributes to drought tolerance. Methods: Ten winter triticale genotypes were examined, five known to be drought tolerant and five drought sensitive. Measurements of the osmotic potential, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and blue and red fluorescence were performed. In addition, analysis of the total pool of phenolic compounds and ferulic acid as well as the measurements of PAL (L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) activity were carried out. Key Results: In agreement with field trials, three out of five cultivars (ʹLambertoʹ, ʹTimboʹ and ʹPianoʹ) were classified as drought tolerant. However, in the case of cultivar ʹBaborʹ, included in the group of drought-sensitive cultivars, the values obtained for some measured parameters were close to (Fvʹ/Fmʹ, phenolics content, osmotic potential) or even better than (non-photochemical quenching, red and blue fluorescence, ferulic acid content) those for drought-tolerant genotypes. Cultivars ʹImperialʹ, ʹTicinoʹ, ʹTrimaranʹ and ʹBoreasʹ were included in the drought-sensitive group, whereas cultivars ʹFocusʹ and ʹKitaroʹ were included in the moderately sensitive group. Conclusions: The experiments confirmed that the period of flowering, the critical phase for plants as far as water demand is concerned, is suitable for plant screening and differentiation due to their tolerance to drought. The most important criteria which enabled creation of the ranking list of plants, from those sensitive to drought to those tolerant to drought, were the ability to perform the process of osmoregulation, the efficiency of the utilization of excitation energy by the photosynthetic apparatus and the functioning of protective mechanisms involving the level of ferulic acid in leaf tissues.