Soil rehabilitation following tractor logging: early results on amendments and tilling in a second rotation Acacia mangium plantation in Sabah, Malaysia

Timber extraction with crawler tractors in humid tropical forests causes degradation of soil physical properties and decreases plant growth. We tested rehabilitation of tracks in a second rotation Acacia mangium plantation in Sabah, Malaysia, by tilling with additions of NPK-fertilizer, ash and organic material to a depth of 15–20 cm. Two years after planting total basal area of A. mangium seedlings was 62% higher outside tracks compared to unimproved tracks, while on NPK-fertilized tracks performance was 700% higher compared to unimproved tracks. Corresponding figures for average height were 40 and 80%. After 8 days with little rain track topsoil experienced water shortage with all studied soil improvements. For ʹnon-trackedʹ areas wilting-point (-1500 kPa) was not reached during 17 days of dry weather, and more meso-pores were present. Consequently, depending on rainfall after planting the effect of soil rehabilitation on tree performance may be less positive than shown here, because dry periods of 2 weeks length are common in the humid tropics. Bulk density on plots outside tracks in this second-generation plantation was 60% higher than have been reported in similar first-generation plantations. It is discussed that this might be a warning that repeated logging and fire may have a detrimental effect on soil physical properties.