Structural benchmark creep and creep damage testing for finite element analysis with material tension–compression asymmetry and symmetry

A generalized constitutive model for describing the creep deformation and creep damage development in initially isotropic materials with characteristics dependent on the kind of the stress state has been implemented into the finite element analysis. This paper presents a number of benchmark creep damage tests and reference solutions to verify the finite element results taking into account the material tension–compression asymmetry and symmetry. The numerical results based on the ABAQUS finite element code in which a user subroutine CREEP is incorporated have been compared in the benchmark tests with the numerical results obtained by other authors or by other methods.