Innovative heat pipe systems using a new working fluid

The operating temperature and the heat load of capillary-pumping heat-pipe systems are much lower than maximum attainable limit, and the systems suffer operational instability problems because the working fluid has a negative surface-tension gradient with temperature that is unfavorable for the spreading or re-wetting on a heated surface. The present paper suggests an innovation of heat-pipe system by using new working fluids, which have a positive gradient of surface tension with temperature, to improve the performance of capillary-pumping heat-pipe systems and their operative stability.