The boundary element method applied to forced convection heat problems

An integral equation formulation for steady flow of a viscous fluid is presented based on the boundary element method. The continuity, Navier–Stokes and energy equations are used for calculation of the flow and temperature fields. The governing differential equations, in terms of primitive variables, are derived using velocity–pressure–temperature parameters. The calculation of fundamental solutions and solutions tensor is shown. Applications to simple flow cases, such as driven cavity, forward facing step, deep cavity and channel are presented. Convergence difficulties are indicated, which have limited the applications to flows of low Reynolds numbers.