Stability of metal nanoparticles formed during reduction of alumina supported nickel and cobalt catalysts

The formation of nickel and cobalt nanoparticles in hydrogenation catalysts and their stability against sintering during the reduction of the oxidic precursors were investigated. The morphology of the catalysts was manipulated by varying the reduction conditions. The catalysts were characterized using temperature programmed reduction (TPR), hydrogen chemisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM). The transformation of the oxidic precursor into the active phase was monitored using quasi in situ HREM, which proved to be an excellent technique to visualize the formation of metal nanoparticles. For the nickel catalyst the reduction temperature plays a crucial role, whereas time is more critical for the cobalt catalyst. The sintering rate of cobalt is considerably lower than that of nickel during reduction. It is concluded that the activation energy for sintering is significantly higher for nickel than for cobalt. A model is proposed which depicts the structure of both types of catalysts in their oxidic and reduced state. TPR and XPS results indicate that the passivated catalysts contain approximately two oxygen atoms per surface Ni or Co atom.