Conversion of 3D distorted elements into meshless particles during dynamic deformation

This paper presents a description of an algorithm to automatically convert 3D distorted elements into meshless particles during dynamic deformation. It also includes an improved (invariant) particle algorithm that allows for a more accurate treatment of boundaries and interfaces. These new 3D algorithms have been incorporated into an explicit Lagrangian code that includes both elements and particles. They provide for increased capability and accuracy for Lagrangian computations involving severe distortions. Several 3D examples are included to demonstrate the new technique.