Spring-back evaluation of automotive sheets based on isotropic–kinematic hardening laws and non-quadratic anisotropic yield functions, part III: applications

In order to improve the prediction capability of spring-back in the computational analysis of automotive sheet forming processes, the modified Chaboche type combined isotropic–kinematic hardening law was formulated to account for the Bauschinger and transient behavior in Part I. As for the yield stress function, the non-quadratic anisotropic yield potential, Yld2000-2d, was utilized under the plane stress condition. Experimental procedures to obtain the material parameters of the combined hardening law and the yield potential were presented in Part II for three automotive sheets. For verification purposes, comparisons of simulations and experiments were performed here for the unconstrained cylindrical bending, the 2-D draw bending and the modified industrial part (the double-S rail). For all three applications, simulations showed good agreements with experiments. Simplified one-dimensional plane strain analytical and numerical methods were also developed here to better understand the spring-back in forming processes.