Effects of Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Mutations on the Folding Nucleation of the Amyloid β-Protein

The effect of single amino acid substitutions associated with the Italian (E22K), Arctic (E22G), Dutch (E22Q) and Iowa (D23N) familial forms of Alzheimerʹs disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy on the structure of the 21–30 fragment of the Alzheimer amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is investigated by replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations. The 21–30 segment has been shown in our earlier work to adopt a bend structure in solution that may serve as the folding nucleation site for Aβ. Our simulations reveal that the 24–28 bend motif is retained in all E22 mutants, suggesting that mutations involving residue E22 may not affect the structure of the folding nucleation site of Aβ. Enhanced aggregation in Aβ with familial Alzheimerʹs disease substitutions may result from the depletion of the E22–K28 salt bridge, which destabilizes the bend structure. Alternately, the E22 mutations may affect longer-range interactions outside the 21–30 segment that can impact the aggregation of Aβ. Substituting at residue D23, on the other hand, leads to the formation of a turn rather than a bend motif, implying that in contrast to E22 mutants, the D23N mutant may affect monomer Aβ folding and subsequent aggregation. Our simulations suggest that the mechanisms by which E22 and D23 mutations affect the folding and aggregation of Aβ are fundamentally different.