The water droplets in the microemulsion system of cyclohexane/water/Triton X-100/hexyl alcohol can act as the nanoreactors which solubilize zirconium oxychloride and ammonia separately. The precipitation reactions will take place in the confined spaces de

The fabrication process of FGM monomorph actuator fabricated by the EPD technique is described in detail as well as its graded microstructure. The principle of the monomorph is discussed and the expression for the theoretical bending displacement is derived. Good agreement is observed between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results.