Sparrows use multiple status signals in winter social flocks

Status signals are thought to reduce the potential costs of social conflict over resources by advertising social status to other group members and reducing unnecessary contests between individuals of differing abilities. Nearly all studies of status signals to date have focused on single signalling traits, and most studies that have investigated multiple traits did not examine whether different traits are used in different contexts, as is required for them to function as multiple signals. We examined the role of gold and black crown patches of wintering golden-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia atricapilla, in determining social dominance during experimentally staged encounters between unfamiliar individuals. Specifically, we determined whether variation in weakly correlated or uncorrelated traits (crown patch size and colour, body size) differentially affected the outcome of interactions involving avoidance versus aggression. Overall, crown patch size and colour were better predictors of dominance than were body size or sex. Several traits, including both crown features and morphological traits, predicted which individual avoided the other in dyadic interactions that did not escalate beyond avoidance. However, when dyads had similar gold crown patch sizes, the interaction was more likely to escalate, leading to aggression. In contrast to avoidance interactions, the outcomes of aggressive contests were largely predicted by variation in the colour of black crown patches. Taken together, our results show that gold and black crown features operate as multiple status signals that accommodate an escalated gradient of interactions and suggest that social status involves more complexity than can be accommodated by a single signal.