Copper may interact with selenite extracellularly in cultured HT-29 cells

Previous studies have demonstrated that copper (15.7 μmol/L) can inhibit selenite (12.6 μmol/L)–induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HT-29 cells. However, the exact nature of the interactions between selenium and copper is not fully understood. In this study, the effect of copper on the cell cycle arrest induced by selenite or selenocystine was examined. Both selenite and selenocystine were effective in inhibition of cell growth and cell cycle progression. Cell cycle analysis revealed that selenite (3–5 μmol/L) caused a decrease in G1 phase cells that corresponded with an increase in S and G2 phase cells, and that 0.625 or 1.25 μmol/L copper sufficiently inhibited selenite-induced cell cycle arrest. In contrast, selenocystine caused an increase in G1 phase cells that corresponded with a decrease in S and G2 phase cells. Interestingly, 0.625 or 1.25 μmol/L copper did not inhibit selenocystine-induced cell cycle arrest. In addition, cell free gel shift assay demonstrated that selenite suppressed the inhibitory effect of copper on SP-1 DNA binding. Furthermore, although 5 μmol/L selenite in culture media significantly increased the intracellular selenium content, 1.25 μmol/L copper sulfate blocked this increase of the intracellular selenium content. Collectively, these data demonstrate that selenite and selenocystine cause cell cycle arrest via distinct mechanisms, and suggest that copper may interact with selenite extracellularly, which represents the basis of antagonism between copper sulfate and selenite.