Distribution and classification of soils with clay-enriched horizons in the USA

Abstract In Soil Taxonomy three diagnostic subsurface horizons reflect clay enrichment: the argillic, kandic, and natric horizons. Clay illuviation is recognized in Soil Taxonomy at some level in 10 of the 12 orders, including the order (Alfisols, Ultisols), suborder (Aridisols), great group (Aridisols, Gelisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Vertisols), and subgroup (Andisols, Aridisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Spodosols). Forty-four percent of the soil series in the USA contain taxonomically defined clay-enriched horizons. However, many other soils contain Bt horizons that do not qualify as an argillic or related horizons. Several soil-forming factors are important in their development, including udic and ustic soil climates, lithological discontinuities, parent materials enriched in carbonate-free clays and coarse fragments, well-drained conditions, backslopes rather than eroding shoulders, and a time interval of > 2000 yr or more. The genesis of argillic, kandic, and natric horizons is also dependent on electrolyte concentration, the amount and distribution of precipitation, clay charge, and microfabric.