Fluorescent Somatostatin Receptor Probes for the Intraoperative Detection of Tumor Tissue with Long-Wavelength Visible Light Original Research Article

Targeted fluorescent dyes are of substantial value for the intraoperative delineation of primary tumors and metastatic lesions. For this purpose long-wavelength red light (λ=550–650 nm) offers advantages because of good tissue penetration and direct visibility. Since somatostatin receptors (SSTR) are overexpressed in a number of tumors, a series of potentially tumor-selective peptide–dye conjugates were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The octapeptides octreotate, Tyr3-octreotate and Tyr3-octreotide were employed and exhibited high affinity for somatostatin receptors (SSTR). The fluorescent dyes rhodamine 101, sulforhodamine B acid chloride, sulforhodamine 101 or rhodamine B isothiocyanate were conjugated either directly or via spacers, for example the peptidase-labile pentapeptide sequence Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu-Ala. The conjugates were completely assembled on the solid support: Fmoc-SPPS, cyclization via a disulfide linkage, N-terminal attachment of a spacer, and linkage to the fluorescent dye. An in vitro competition assay revealed that the conjugates bind to SSTRs with IC50 values between 0.7 and 89 nM. The conjugates were generally stable to hydrolysis at pH 7–8 in buffer or serum. However, the rhodamine 101 conjugates revealed a loss of absorption at alkaline pH due to conversion to a neutral spirolactam form, as characterized by NMR.