Bogoliubov angle and visualization of particle–hole mixture in superconductors Original Research Article

Superconducting excitations—Bogoliubov quasiparticles—are the quantum mechanical mixture of negatively charged electron (−e) and positively charged hole (++e). Depending on the applied voltage bias in scanning tunneling microscope (STM) one can sample the particle and hole content of such a superconducting excitation. Recent STM experiments offer a unique insight into the inner workings of the superconducting state of superconductors. We propose a new observable quantity for STM studies that is the manifestation of the particle–hole dualism of the quasiparticles. We call it a Bogoliubov angle. This angle measures the relative weight of particle and hole amplitude in the superconducting (Bogoliubov) quasiparticle. We propose that this quantity can be measured locally by comparing the ratio of tunneling currents at positive and negative biases locally. This Bogoliubov angle allows one to measure directly the energy and position dependent particle–hole admixture and therefore visualize robustness of superconducting state locally. It may also allow one to measure the particle–hole admixture of excitations in normal state above critical temperature and thus may be used to measure superconducting correlations in pseudogap state.