Synthesis and characterization of Ti1−2xNbxNixO2−x/2 solid solutions

Doped-rutile has been traditionally used in ceramic pigments for its intense optical properties. In this paper, we compare the classical ceramic synthesis of Ti1−2xNbxNixO2−x/2 system with the sol–gel methodology, which allows a reduction of the anatase–rutile transformation temperature. The composition was optimised in order to obtain a unique rutile phase with the minimum amount of pollutant Ni(II) and enhanced chromatic coordinates. Incorporation of the doping ions in the rutile structure was corroborated by XRD and Rietveld refinements. The species responsible for the colour mechanism were studied by different techniques. UV–VIS spectroscopy showed the characteristic features of Ni2+ ions, whose existence was corroborated by EPR and magnetic measurements. From these results, (Ni,Nb)doped-TiO2 powder samples can be now shaped as thin films, monoliths, etc. by using sol–gel methodology without modifying their properties. This study introduces new possibilities of coloured TiO2-based solid solutions in new combined advanced applications (colouring agent and photocatalyst, etc.).