Surface energy of experimental and commercial nanofiltration membranes: effects of wetting and natural organic matter fouling

Contact angle measurements (captive bubble technique) were used to determine the surface energy of three experimental thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes and a commercial nanofiltration membrane (Hydranautics NTR 7450). The two experimental membranes of practical interest were thin film composites (diblock copolymer on a polysulfone support layer). The two blocks were poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl methacrylate) (PFOMA). The concept was to devise a membrane material that takes advantage of the low adhesion of PFOMA to prevent fouling and the hydrophilic nature of PDMAEMA to produce high water permeation rates. Hydranautics NTR 7450 is a sulfonated polysulfone membrane that purportedly lessens fouling because the surface is more hydrophilic. The change in surface energy upon wetting, permeation of water containing natural organic matter (NOM) and chemical cleaning was of interest. Wetting caused reorganization of the experimental block copolymer surface to move more of PDMAEMA block to the membrane–water interface. After permeation of ultrapure water, however, the surface became more hydrophilic. After permeation of NOM containing water, the surface of both experimental and commercial membranes reached about the same surface energy, indicative of adsorption of NOM. The contact angle measurements were used to calculate a negative change in surface free energy for all but the PFOMA membrane; hence, with this exception, the deposition of NOM into a layer adjacent to the membrane surface was spontaneous. Scanning electron micrographs and atomic force micrographs showed that rigorous chemical cleaning failed to remove the NOM.