Synthesis of Co, Rh and Ir nanoparticles from metal carbonyls in ionic liquids and their use as biphasic liquid–liquid hydrogenation nanocatalysts for cyclohexene

Stable cobalt, rhodium and iridium nanoparticles are obtained reproducibly by thermal decomposition under argon from Co2(CO)8, Rh6(CO)16 and Ir4(CO)12 dissolved in the ionic liquids View the MathML sourceBMim+BF4-, BMim+OTf− and View the MathML sourceBtMA+NTf2- [BMim+ = n -butyl-methyl-imidazolium, BtMA+ = n -butyl-tri-methyl-ammonium, OTf− = −O3SCF3, View the MathML sourceNTf2-=-N(O2SCF3)2]. The very small and uniform nanoparticle size of about 1–3 nm in View the MathML sourceBMim+BF4- increases with the molecular volume of the ionic liquid anion in BMim+OTf− and View the MathML sourceBtMA+NTf2-. Characterization of the nanoparticles was done by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), transmission electron diffraction (TED), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The rhodium or iridium nanoparticle/IL systems function as highly effective and recyclable catalysts in the biphasic liquid–liquid hydrogenation of cyclohexene to cyclohexane with activities of up to 1900 molproduct/(molmetal h) and quantitative conversion within 1 h at 4 bar H2 pressure and 75 °C.