Perspectives in anti-infective drug design. The late steps in the biosynthesis of the universal terpenoid precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate

A mevalonate-independent pathway for the biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) that has been elucidated during the last decade is essential in plants, many eubacteria and apicomplexan parasites, but is absent in Archaea and animals. The enzymes of the pathway are potential targets for the development of novel antibiotic, antimalarial and herbicidal agents. This review is focused on the late steps of this pathway. The intermediate 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate is converted into IPP and DMAPP via 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate by the consecutive action of the iron–sulfur proteins IspG and IspH. IPP and DMAPP can be interconverted by IPP isomerase which is essential in microorganisms using the mevalonate pathway, whereas its presence is optional in microorganisms using the non-mevalonate pathway. A hitherto unknown family of IPP isomerases using FMN as coenzyme has been discovered recently in Archaea and certain eubacteria.