Spatially resolved flame zone classification of a flame spray nanoparticle synthesis process by combining different optical techniques

Flame spray synthesis of silica nanoparticles is characterized by a set of complementary optical techniques. By means of laser-sheet based Mie scattering imaging, 2D-chemiluminescence imaging and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) local information on spatial droplet distribution, combustion zone, nucleation zone and temperature in the flame could be obtained. In addition, the outcomes from optical metrology are validated by thermophoretic sampling at different flame heights and the synthesized powders were analyzed by N2 gas sorption. By comparing these results the flame can be quantitatively classified into three distinct zones: (i) the droplet zone where precursor atomization and evaporation take place, (ii) the nucleation zone indicated by SiO⁎/Si⁎ radicals as a preliminary species before SiO2 particle formation and (iii) the sintering zone characterized by the highest temperatures in flame. In addition the spatial spreading of the nucleation zone as a function of precursor concentration is investigated. Theoretical calculations and experimental results show an extended nucleation regime for the lowest precursor concentration compared to higher concentrations. Although this study is performed with hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) precursor to synthesize silica nanoparticles as a model system, dimensionless analysis shows that the results, concerning the spray formation, can be transferred to the synthesis of other materials as well.