Cascades of subharmonic stationary states in strongly non-linear driven planar systems

The dynamics of a one-degree-of-freedom oscillator with arbitrary polynomial non-linearity subjected to an external periodic excitation is studied. The sequences (cascades) of harmonic and subharmonic stationary solutions to the equation of motion are obtained by using the harmonic balance approximation adapted for arbitrary truncation numbers, powers of non-linearity, and orders of subharmonics. A scheme for investigating the stability of the harmonic balance stationary solutions of such a general form is developed on the basis of the Floquet theorem. Besides establishing the stable/unstable nature of a stationary solution, its stability analysis allows the regions of parameters to be obtained, where symmetry-breaking and period-doubling bifurcations occur. Thus, for period-doubling cascades, each unstable stationary solution is used as a base solution for finding a subsequent stationary state in a cascade. The procedure is repeated until this stationary state becomes stable provided that a stable solution can finally be achieved. The proposed technique is used to calculate the sequences of subharmonic stationary states in driven hardening Duffingʹs oscillator. The existence of stable subharmonic motions found is confirmed by solving the differential equation of motion numerically by means of a time-difference method, with initial conditions being supplied by the harmonic balance approximation.