Environments, processes, and mechanisms in peer learning

This chapter explores the dynamics and processes of peer group influences in learning settings from a social constructivist perspective. A two-tiered model of peer influences is presented, in which environments for learning are linked with mechanisms and processes most likely to underpin student learning. A distinction is drawn between more structured “tutorially configured” environments for learning, and more informal “ambient” environments through which peers influence the learning of others. Examples from classroom instruction are used to show that configured environments may be seen along a continuum of interactive structure based on the extent to which knowledge is socially constructed through reciprocal interaction, and to indicate the learning processes and mechanisms most likely to be operating. Similarly, research on peer influences in the ambient environment, and the likely associated processes and mechanisms, are also discussed. It is argued that the effects from both environments are interactive and that their influences are exerted both directly on learning and indirectly through proximal indicators of achievement.