Multivariate analyses of student response profiles—across countries and gender

Phase one of the IEA Civic Study was designed for fourteen-year-old students. In Denmark this included students from the eighth and ninth grades although civics is not part of the required curriculum until grade nine. Students’ answers to questions concerning civic knowledge were collected together with information related to student attitudes, which provided information on their perceptions of democratic values. This article analyses and compares the structure of responses to the attitude questions across countries participating in the Civic Study and investigates the relationship between knowledge (knowledge of content, Type 1) and attitudes in terms of a gender perspective.