Powder process influence on the characteristics of Mn,W,Sb,Ni-doped PZT

The use of lead zirconate titanate ceramics for applications like actuators implies the development of materials with high mechanical quality factor Qm and high electromechanical coupling coefficient kp. The composition Pb((Zr0.49Ti0.51)0.94Mn0.0252 Sb0.0192 W0.0156)O3+0.2 wt.% NiO has been studied with this aim in view. Homogeneous, fine and desagglomerated powders are required. A new doped PZT powder elaboration process by hydrothermal route has been developed. The same composition is also prepared by a conventional calcination route. The chemical and physical characteristics of these two kinds of powders are studied and the sintering behaviour has been investigated. Ceramics from the hydrothermal route densify at 850°C while the ceramics from the calcined powders require a sintering temperature of 1150°C. The microstructures were studied and the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties were determined.