A multilayer braided scaffold for Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Mechanical modeling at the fiber scale

An adapted scaffold for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tissue engineering must match biological, morphological and biomechanical requirements. Computer-aided tissue engineering consists of finding the most appropriate scaffold regarding a specific application by using numerical tools. In the present study, the biomechanical behavior of a new multilayer braided scaffold adapted to computer-aided tissue engineering is computed by using a dedicated Finite Element (FE) code. Among different copoly(lactic acid-co-( ε -caprolactone)) (PLCL) fibers tested in the present study, PLCL fibers with a lactic acid/ ε -caprolactone ratio of 85/15 were selected as a constitutive material for the scaffold considering its strength and deformability. The mechanical behavior of these fibers was utilized as material input in a Finite Element (FE) code which considers contact/friction interactions between fibers within a large deformation framework. An initial geometry issued from the braiding process was then computed and was found to be representative of the actual scaffold geometry. Comparisons between simulated tensile tests and experimental data show that the method enables to predict the tensile response of the multilayer braided scaffold as a function of different process parameters. As a result, the present approach constitutes a valuable tool in order to determine the configuration which best fits the biomechanical requirements needed to restore the knee function during the rehabilitation period. The developed approach also allows the mechanical stimuli due to external loading to be quantified, and will be used to perform further mechanobiological analyses of the scaffold under dynamic culture.