Microstructures and electrical properties of lead zinc niobate–lead titanate–lead zirconate ceramics using microwave sintering

Electrical properties and microstructural characteristics of (1 − x)(0.94PbZn1/3Nb2/3O3 + 0.06BaTiO3) + xPbZryTi1−yO3 (PZN–PZ–PT) ceramics, sintered by microwave heating, were investigated using electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electrical property measurement. Experimental results imply that the microwave-sintered (MW) samples with x = 0.5 and y = 0.52 (1150 °C, 10 min) possess higher dielectric constant than the conventionally sintered (CS) specimens (1150 °C, 2 h). Microstructural investigations show that ZnO precipitated on the surfaces of specimens during a thermal process, implying that ZnO diffusion may have influenced the distribution of phases in a specimen due to an eutectic reaction of PbO and ZnO. TEM–EDS investigations show that the CS specimens exhibit pronounced elemental segregation of PbO and ZnO at the grain boundaries, but it is much less significant for MW samples. The results imply that microwave sintering not only enhances material densification markedly, but also reduces the PbO/ZnO segregation and amorphous intergranular layers effectively, and thus improve the electrical properties of PZN–PZ–PT ceramics.