Caste-specific differences in ecdysteroid titers in early larval stages of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris

Mounting evidence implicates ecdysteroids in queen–worker differentiation during the last larval instars of highly social insects. In the present study, we analyzed ecdysteroid titers in queen and worker larvae of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris from the second to the early fourth instar. B. terrestris is of particular interest because caste is already determined in the second instar, presumably by a pheromonal signal emitted by the egg-laying queen. Caste differences in the adults, however, are only expressed at the physiological and not at the morphological level, except for the distinctly larger size of the queen. In the second and third instar, ecdysteroid titers in queen larvae were generally higher than those of workers. These early caste-specific differences, however, were abolished in the fourth instar. In the early fourth instar we could detect two small ecdysteroid peaks, with the one preceding the cocoon-spinning phase presenting the characteristics of a pupal commitment peak. The synchrony of caste differences in ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone titers suggests a synergistic action of these hormones in caste determination.