Brain tyramine and reproductive states of workers in honeybees

To explore the role of tyramine in the transformation of reproductive states of honeybee workers, brain levels of tyramine and N-acetyltyramine were measured in both normal and queenless workers. Queenless workers had higher tyramine levels and lower N-acetyltyramine levels than normal workers did. Intermediate reproductive workers that were transferred into a normal colony from a queenless colony had intermediate levels of tyramine and N-acetyltyramine. Elevation of tyramine in the queenless workers occurred at an earlier adult stage than elevation of dopamine. Tyramine levels in intermediate reproductive workers returned to the levels seen in normal workers, but dopamine levels in intermediate reproductive workers remained elevated at the same level as in queenless workers. Thus, brain tyramine may be regulated by the colony condition with or without a queen. Injection of an amine uptake inhibitor, reserpine, depleted tyramine and elevated N-acetyltyramine. Distributions of tyramine and dopamine within the brain were distinctively different, whereas distributions of N-acetyltyramine and N-acetyldopamine were similar, suggesting that each functional amine is stored in specific neurosecretory cells and released to the relevant receptor sites but that metabolism into each N-acetylmetabolite is determined by diffusion.