Liquid–liquid two-layer electrohydrodynamic flow system

We investigated the ion-drag pumping in a two-layer system; the upper layer was water and the lower one was an organic solvent (3,4-dichlorotoluene). The solvent flowed by the ion-dragging effect during voltage application to the electrodes immersed in the lower layer. Water also flowed, but the flow was caused by the interfacial shear between the solvent and water layers. Although the electrolysis of water can cause problems during normal ion-drag pumping, one can avoid this by using this two-layer system because the electrodes are not in contact with the water.