Improvement of the amperometric response to l-lactate by using a cationic bioinspired thymine polycation in a bioelectrode with immobilized lactate oxidase

We report the electroanalytical properties of an amperometric bioelectrode containing l-lactate oxidase (LOx) immobilized on glassy carbon electrode with a hydrogel film composed of laponite and different amounts of a novel bioinspired polycation obtained by copolymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl thymine (VBT) and 4-vinylbenzyl triethylammonium chloride (VBA) in a molar ratio 1:4, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of the redox couple probe [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− of these VBT–VBA bioelectrodes was compared with that observed for a bioelectrode containing the classical polycation polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA). The best response was obtained for a bioelectrode containing a VBT–VBA/laponite mass ratio double than the cationic exchange capacity of the clay, demonstrating that under this condition the polycation induces an optimal microenvironment in the interlamellar space of the clay, both for the position and the functionality of LOx. T–VBA bioelectrode displayed a very high sensitivity (7.2 ± 0.2) × 102 μA mM−1 cm−2, a short time response (<5 s), a wide linear response range (e.g. 0.01–1.0 mM of l-lactate) and an excellent stability over a storage period of 60 days, when sensing l-lactate. The analytical response of the bioelectrode was tested in real food samples, e.g. milk, white wine, and beer, as well as during milk fermentation at 37 °C. No effect of molecular interferences in the food matrices was detected, and the quantification of l-lactate was in complete agreement with standard assays reported values. t results indicate that polycations containing the multifunctional green monomer VBT have high potential for their use in hydrogel film formation producing more responsive and stable electrochemical biosensors.